Never heard of her? Margaret Rossiter

 Do you know the thousands/millions of women who've accomplished amazing things, and we never hear about them?

OK, of course, and a few men too I'd imagine. 

She kept finding women in laboratory photographs from the 1800s. Then she read the published papers—and every single woman had vanished. Someone had erased them from history.

Yale University, 1969.

Margaret Rossiter was a graduate student studying the history of science. She was one of very few women in her program.

Every Friday afternoon, students and faculty gathered for beers and informal conversation. One week, Margaret asked a simple question: "Were there ever any women scientists?"

The faculty answered firmly: No.

Someone mentioned Marie Curie. The group dismissed it—her husband Pierre really deserved the credit.

Margaret didn't argue. But she also didn't believe them.

So she started looking.

She found a reference book called "American Men of Science"—essentially a Who's Who of scientific achievement. Despite the title, she was shocked to discover it contained entries about women. Botanists trained at Wellesley. Geologists from Vermont.

There were names. There were credentials. There were careers.

The professors had been wrong.

But Margaret's discovery was just the beginning. Because as she dug deeper into archives across the country, she found something far more disturbing.

Photograph after photograph showed women standing at laboratory benches, working with equipment, listed on research teams.

But when she read the published papers, the award citations, the official histories—those same women had disappeared. Their names were missing. Their contributions erased.

It wasn't random. It was systematic.

Women who designed experiments watched male colleagues publish results without giving them credit. Women whose discoveries were assigned to supervisors. Women listed in acknowledgments instead of as authors. Women passed over for awards that went to male collaborators who contributed far less.

Margaret realized she was witnessing a pattern that stretched across centuries.

Women had always been present in science. The record had simply pushed them aside.

She needed a name for what she was documenting.

In the early 1990s, she found it in the work of Matilda Joslyn Gage—a 19th-century suffragist who had written about this exact phenomenon in 1870.

In 1993, Margaret published a paper formally naming it: The Matilda Effect.

The term captured something that had been hidden in plain sight for generations. Once you knew the term, you saw it everywhere.

Her dissertation became a lifelong mission.

For more than 30 years, Margaret researched and wrote her landmark three-volume series: Women Scientists in America. She examined letters, institutional policies, individual careers. She gathered undeniable evidence that women in science had been consistently under-credited and structurally excluded.

Her work faced resistance. Many dismissed women's history as political rather than academic. Others insisted she was exaggerating.

Margaret didn't argue emotionally. She presented data. Documented cases. Patterns repeated across decades and institutions.

Eventually, the evidence became undeniable.

Her research helped restore recognition to scientists who had been erased:

Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray work revealed DNA's structure—credit went to Watson and Crick.

Lise Meitner, who explained nuclear fission—omitted from the Nobel Prize.

Nettie Stevens, who discovered sex chromosomes—received little credit.

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, who discovered stars are made of hydrogen—initially dismissed.

And countless others whose names had nearly vanished.

Margaret changed the narrative. Science was no longer just the story of solitary male geniuses. It became a story of collaboration that included women who had been written out.

The Matilda Effect became standard terminology. Scholars used it to examine how credit is assigned, how authors are listed, who receives awards, who gets left out.

Universities updated curricula. New biographies were written. Entire fields began re-examining accepted histories.

Margaret received the Sarton Medal—the highest honor in the history of science. She won a MacArthur "genius" grant. Cornell created an entire department partly to keep her on faculty.

More importantly, she reshaped how we understand scientific progress.

The Matilda Effect didn't end in the past. It continues today. Women scientists still receive fewer citations, fewer awards, fewer promotions.

But now the pattern has a name. Now the bias can be measured. And once a pattern is visible, it becomes harder to ignore.

On August 3, 2025, Margaret Rossiter died at age 81. She had spent over 50 years bringing erased women back into the light.

Because of her, their names are known. Because of her, the pattern can't hide. Because of her, the story of science is finally beginning to reflect the truth.

If one historian can restore the voices of generations who were written out, what else might change when we decide to tell the full story instead of the convenient one?

Source: Deep Mind Thinking FB page

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Wikipedia has these articles of similar interest:

• Timeline of women in Science
• List of female scientists before the 20th century
• Lists of women in science
• Timeline of women in geology
• Timeline of women in library science
• Timeline of women in computing
• Timeline of women in mathematics
• Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States
• Timeline of women in science in the United States
• Timeline of women's education
• Women in physics

I'll focus on the Women Nobel Peace Prize Winners in another post soon! There have only been 20 of them.

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Another woman scientist, who made a significant contribution to my own life!

In 1986, Patricia Bath conducted research in the laboratory of Danièle Aron-Rosa, a pioneer researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris,^[35] and then at the Laser Medical Center in Berlin, where she was able to begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her first experiment with excimer laser photoablation using human eye bank eyes.^[35]

Bath coined the term "laser phaco" for the process, short for laser photoablative cataract surgery,^[36] and developed the laser phaco probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". Bath first had the idea for this type of device in 1981, but did not apply for a patent until several years later.^[37] The device was completed in 1986 after Bath conducted research on lasers in Berlin and patented in 1988,^[38] making her the first African-American woman to receive a patent for a medical purpose.^[11] The device — which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the cataract with a laser, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new lens — is used internationally to treat the disease.^[5][4][6] Bath continued to improve the device and successfully restored vision to people who had been unable to see for decades.^[19][39]

Bath holds five patents in the United States.^[2] Three of Bath's five patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe.^[19] In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method for using pulsed ultrasound to remove cataracts,^[6] and in 2003 a patent for combining laser and ultrasound to remove cataracts.

Thanks Wikipedia

Dr. Patricia Bath

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I'm really grateful to have my cataracts removed several years ago. I would guess Dr. Bath's inventions helped my doctors accomplish that!

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Today's goddess:

Beautiful clay figurine of the Goddess, dated ca 5000-4500 BC. It was found in Gradeshnitsa, Vratsa, Bulgaria.

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Sepia Saturday suggests the meme of Work that was done in the past.

Women scientists certainly need that recognition!

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"It is my belief that the writer, the free-lance author, should be and must be a critic of the society in which he lives. It is easy enough, and always profitable, to rail away at national enemies beyond the sea, at foreign powers beyond our borders who question the prevailing order. But the moral duty of the free writer is to begin his work at home; to be a critic of his own community, his own country, his own culture. If the writer is unwilling to fill this part, then the writer should abandon pretense and find another line of work: become a shoe repairman, a brain surgeon, a janitor, a cowboy, a nuclear physicist, a bus driver.

 -Edward Abbey, naturalist and author (29 Jan 1927-1989)

This is not to necessarily say bloggers are the same as "free-lance writers" - or are they?

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Personally I'm aghast at the news from Wednesday with the murder of Renee Nicole Good by ICE officers, and the attempts to cover it up by the lying SOB administration. I got tired of it all. Yes people will be doing a demonstration in Asheville Thursday afternoon (writing this on Thursday morning). I have so much anger at this point there's no room for any more or it will poison me. (See the Maybe The Angry Women post coming up on Sunday!)